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The Japanese Constitution:

A Documentary History of its Framing and Adoption, 1945-1947

Edited by Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements

Methodology

Electronic Methodology

Referring to these Documents

Framing a New Constitution: Japan as a Case Study

The Allied Occupation and Constitutional Reform

Chronology

Biographical Notes

Glossary

Sources

Yen-Dollar Equivalency Table

Chapter 1: Historical Documents

RM001. 17-Article Constitution

RM002. Charter Oath (1868)

RM003. Imperial Rescript for Soldiers and Sailors (1882)

RM004. Imperial Household Law (1889)

RM005. (Meiji) Constitution of the Empire of Japan (1889)

RM006. Imperial Rescript on Education (1890)

RM007. Constitution of Weimar Germany (1919)

RM008. Constitution of the United States (as amended 1933)

Chapter 2: Guidance from American and Allied Governments

RM009. Request for guidance (2/18/44) General John Hilldring to State Department

RM010. Freedom of worship? (3/15/44) Inter-divisional area committee on the Far East (IDACFE)

RM011. Three stages of postwar development (5/4/44) IDACFE

RM012. Control of government (5/9/44) IDACFE

RM013. Role of the Emperor (5/9/44) IDACFE

RM014. Abolition of militarism (5/9/44) IDACFE

RM015. Terms of surrender (11/13/44) Committee on Postwar Programs (CPP)

RM016. Civil Affairs Handbook (excerpts) (1/45) U. S. Army Civil Affairs Division

RM017. Postwar administration (1/5/45) CPP

RM018. Potsdam: American draft (7/2/45) War department

RM019. Potsdam: unconditional surrender and the Emperor (7/6/45) Assistant Secretary of State Archibald MacLeish to Secretary of State James F. Byrnes

RM020. Potsdam: the Emperor and his monarchy (7/16/45) Cordell Hull, former secretary of state, to Secretary Byrnes

RM021. Potsdam: status of the Emperor (7/18/45) Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS)

RM022. Potsdam: revised American draft (7/25/45) Secretary Byrnes to Prime Minister Winston S. Churchill

RM023. Potsdam: British amendments (undated: 7/45) British delegation

RM024. Potsdam Declaration (7/26/45)

RM025. Potsdam: Japan's qualified acceptance (8/10/45) Imperial government of Japan

RM026. U. S. accepts Japan's surrender (8/11/45) Secretary Byrnes

RM027. Japan surrenders (8/14/45) Emperor Hirohito: Imperial Rescript

RM028. Japan accepts Potsdam terms (8/14/45) Japanese government

RM029. MacArthur named supreme commander (8/14/45) President Harry S Truman to Japanese government

RM030. Initial post-surrender policy (SWNCC 150/4) (8/29/45) State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (SWNCC)

RM031. Spiritual disarmament of Japan (9/1/45) Secretary Byrnes

RM032. Instrument of surrender (9/2/45) Japanese government

RM033. Potsdam Declaration not a contract (9/5/45) Acting Secretary of State Dean Acheson to President Truman

RM034. MacArthur's authority (SWNCC 181/2) (9/6/45) SWNCC to General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP)

RM035. Freedom of press and broadcasting (SCAPIN 16) (9/10/45) SCAP

RM036. Try the Emperor as a war criminal (9/18/45) Speeches in the United States Senate

RM038. On preserving the Emperor (10/2/45) General Bonner Fellers

RM039. Restrictions on liberty removed (SCAPIN 93) (10/4/45) SCAP to Japanese government

RM040. Treatment of person of the Japanese Emperor SWNCC 55/3 (Oct. 1945) SWNCC: Subcommittee of the Far East (SFE)

RM041. Five fundamental reforms (10/11/45) SCAP to Japanese government

RM042. Treatment of the Emperor (10/11/45) Assistant Secretary of War Robert Lovett to SWNCC

RM043. Political reform in Japan (discussion) (10/23/45) SWNCC:SFE

RM044. Initial post-surrender directive (JCS 1380/15) (11/3/45) JCS

RM045. Chinese query revision efforts (11/20/45) State Department memorandum

RM046. Welcome to the Far Eastern Advisory Commission (FEAC) (11/26/45) General MacArthur

RM047. Abolition of state shinto (SCAPIN 448) (12/15/45) SCAP to Japanese government

RM048. At work on constitutional reform? (12/21/45) FEAC

RM049. Moscow Agreement establishes Far Eastern Commission (FEC) and Allied Council for Japan (ACJ) (12/27/45) Foreign ministers of Allied governments

RM050. New Year greeting (12/27/45) General MacArthur to Japanese people

RM051. Purge (1/4/46) SCAP to Japanese government

RM052. Abolition of anti-democratic associations (SCAPIN 548) (1/4/46) SCAP to Japanese government

RM053. Discussion of revision efforts with FEAC (1/17/46) SCAP:Government Section (GS)

RM054. On trying the Emperor for war crimes (1/25/46) General MacArthur to General Dwight D. Eisenhower

RM055. Reform of bureaucracy (1/30/46) Milton Esman, SCAP:GS staff, to General Courtney Whitney, chief, SCAP:GS

RM056. Reform of Japanese government (SWNCC 228) (early 1/46) SWNCC

Chapter 3: Early Japanese Efforts at Constitutional Reform

RM057. MacArthur seeks "single word" from Emperor (9/12/45) William Merrill Vories (diary)

RM058. Constitution needs reform (9/18/45) Irie Toshio (Legislation Bureau chief)

RM059. Lecture at Foreign Ministry (9/28/45) Miyazawa Toshiyoshi

RM060. U. S. political adviser seeks guidance (10/4/45) George Atcheson, Jr., office of political adviser (POLAD), State Department representative in Tokyo

RM061. Konoe-MacArthur meeting (10/4/45) Kato Toshio, Central Liaison Office (CLO): memo for the record

RM062. Interim report on constitutional revision (10/5/45) Yabe Teiji

RM063. Takagi urges patience (10/10/45) POLAD memo AND Political developments in Japan (10/9/45) Takagi Yasaka to POLAD

RM064. Prompt and independent reform needed (10/9/45) Foreign Ministry

RM065. POLAD outlines needed revisions (10/9/45) Atcheson to Konoe Fumimaro

RM066. POLAD amplifies on conversation with Konoe (10/9/45) Atcheson to State Department

RM067. Proposals for constitutional reform (10/11/45) Foreign Ministry (Tatsuki Keichi)

RM068. Outline of constitutional amendments (10/11/45) Foreign Ministry

RM069. Emperor considers abdicating (10/11/45) Atcheson to State Department

RM070. Konoe to direct revision inquiry (10/12/45) Atcheson to State Department

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RM072. Memo on reform (10/22/45) Legislation Bureau

RM073. Konoe requests American assistance (10/24/45) Atcheson to SCAP

RM074. Herald Tribune blasts Konoe, SCAP (10/31/45) Secretary Byrnes to Atcheson, POLAD

RM075. MacArthur repudiates Konoe (11/3/45) Kenpo Chosokai

RM076. Creating the Cabinet committee on constitutional revision (a.k.a. the Matsumoto committee) (undated) Sato Tatsuo

RM077. Political developments; Konoe's role (11/5/45) Atcheson to President Truman

RM078. POLAD's role in constitutional revision? (11/17/45) Atcheson to Undersecretary of State Acheson

RM079. Contacts will cease (11/8/45) Atcheson to State Department

RM080. Conservatives in control (11/11/45) Atcheson to State Department

RM081. No Allies working on revision (11/12/45) Atcheson to State Department

RM082. Confer with Matsumoto Joji? "disapproved" (11/14/45) SCAP:GS

RM083. Outline of revisions (11/23/45) Sasaki Soichi to Emperor Hirohito (replaces B15)

RM084. Japanese comment on revision (11/24/45) Atcheson to State Department

RM085. Cabinet committee's ideas summarized (11/29/45) Atcheson to State Department

RM086. Progress report on Cabinet's efforts (11/29/45) Atcheson to State Department

RM087. Urges U.S. liaison with Cabinet committee (12/13/45) Atcheson to SCAP

RM088. Konoe's proposed revisions (12/45) Konoe to Emperor Hirohito

RM089. Konoe's efforts; role of Emperor (May 30, 1952) Takagi Yasaka

RM090. Konoe's revisions distributed (12/10/45) Yamagata, SCAP staff (G-2)

RM091. Treatment of the Emperor (12/18/45) SWNCC

RM092. Japanese political situation (12/21/45) Matsumoto Shigeharu to POLAD

RM093. Konoe's revisions: summary on Emperor (12/22/45) Atcheson to State Department

RM094. Proposals of Kempo Kenkyokai (12/27/45) Takano Iwasaburo and others

RM095. Communist's 7 points outline (12/30/46) Akahata

RM096. Dispelling false conceptions ("Ningen sengen") (1/1/46) Emperor Hirohito

RM097. "The Emperor's statement pleases me" (1/1/46) General MacArthur

RM098. Origins of Emperor's statement (late 1946; 1965) Harold G. Henderson; R. H. Blyth; Yamanashi Kakunoshin

RM099. Proposed Imperial rescript ("Ningen sengen") (late 1946; 1965) R. H. Blyth

RM100. Memo on the Imperial rescript of January 1946 (6/2/65) Yamanashi Kakunoshin

RM101. Cabinet draft: A (1/4/46) Cabinet Committee (Matsumoto Joji, chair)

RM102. Critique of Kempo Kenkyokai proposals (1/11/46) Milo Rowell, SCAP:GS

RM103. Liberal Party proposes revisions (1/21/46) Liberal Party Committee on Revision

RM104. Liberal Party publishes proposals (press summary) (1/22/46)

RM105. Constitution revision plan (1/22/46) Japan Federation of Bar Associations

RM106. Praise for Liberal proposals (1/23/46)

RM107. Takano gives details of own draft (1/26/46) Jiji news service

RM108. Takano Iwasaburo's draft constitution (1/28/46) POLAD to Secretary of State

RM109. Cabinet draft: B (1/46) Matsumoto Committee

RM110. The "scoop" (2/1/46)

RM111. Reaction to Cabinet drafts (2/2/46) General Whitney to SCAP

RM112. Reaction to "scoop" (press summary) (2/2/46) SCAP:Civil Information and Education Section (CIES)

RM113. Further reaction to "scoop" (press summary) (2/7/46) SCAP:CIES

RM114. "Gist" of Cabinet's revisions (2/8/46) Matsumoto Committee to SCAP

RM115. Explanation of Cabinet's revisions (2/8/46) Matsumoto Committee

RM116. Revisions published by Bar Association, Communist Party, and Takano Iwasaburo (2/9/46) Max Bishop, POLAD, to State Department

RM117. Japanese attitudes toward the Emperor (memo) (2/11/46) Robert Fearey, POLAD, to State Department

RM118. Analysis of "Gist" (2/12/46) SCAP:GS staff to General Whitney

RM119. Japanese critique of Cabinet draft (2/46) Takano Iwasaburo and others

RM120. Progessive Party proposes revisions (2/13/46) Progressive Party

RM121. Progressive proposals summarized (2/15/46)

RM122. Socialist Party proposes revisions (2/23/46) Socialist Party

RM123. Socialist proposals (press summary) (2/23 and 2/24/46) Kyodo news service

RM124. Democratic governance and the Constitution (magazine article) (2/46) Minobe Tatsukichi

RM125. Ozaki and his group offer revisions (3/6/46) Kyodo news service

RM126. Ozaki's draft outlined (3/6/46)

RM127. Ozaki disclaims authorship, urges delay (3/6/46) Jiji news service

RM128. Nosaka and Ozaki meet (3/6/46)

RM129. Cabinet rejects Matsumoto (3/6/46)

RM130. Non-government drafts analyzed (3/7/46) Robert Fearey, POLAD, to State Department

RM131. Matsumoto interprets amendment clause (Article LXXIII) (3/46) Kyodo news service

Chapter 4: From the American Model to the Cabinet Draft

RM132. Preliminary study (12/6/45) Milo Rowell for SCAP:GS

RM133. Occupation on the right track (1/4/46) Atcheson, POLAD, to President Truman

RM134. Communist party's statement (1/13/46) Japan Communist Party's Central Committee

RM135. Organization chart: Public Administration Branch (1/46) SCAP:GS

RM136. SCAP:GS reorganization (1/28, 2/1/46) General Whitney; Colonel Charles L. Kades

RM137. Reorganization of Public Administration Division (2/1/46) SCAP:CS

RM138. Political situation (1/31/46) Atcheson to State Department

RM139. SCAP not involved in constitutional revision (1/30/46) General MacArthur to FEAC

RM140. Authority to proceed with revision (2/1/46) Whitney to MacArthur Cf. 218

RM141. MacArthur's "musts" (2/3/46) SCAP to GS)

RM142. Kades notes on MacArthur's "musts" (no date: early 2/46?) Colonel Kades

RM143. Whitney commissions GS (2/4/46) SCAP:GS minutes

RM144. Kades amends record of Whitney's instructions (2/4/46)

RM145. Organization into drafting committees (no date) Commander Alfred R. Hussey, Jr.

RM146. First orientation meeting (2/5/46) SCAP:GS, Ruth Ellerman notes

RM147. Second orientation meeting (2/6/46) SCAP:GS, Ellerman notes

RM148. Progress report (2/6/46) Whitney to MacArthur

RM149. Emperor: discussion of draft (2/6/46) SCAP:GS, Ellerman notes

RM150. Emperor: first draft SCAP:GS

RM151. Emperor: second draft. (including ca. 2/8/46 Treaty-making power, treason, amendments and ratification) Ensign Richard A. Poole; Captain George A. Nelson, Jr.

RM152. Diet: discussion of first draft (2/7/46) SCAP:GS, Ellerman notes

RM153. Diet: first draft (ca. 2/8/46) SCAP:GS

RM154. Diet: final draft (ca. 2/9/46) SCAP:GS

RM155. Finance: discussion of draft (2/7/46) SCAP:GS, Ellerman notes

RM156. Finance: first draft (ca. 2/8/46) SCAP:GS

RM157. Finance: final draft (ca. 2/9/46) SCAP:GS

RM158. Executive: first discussion (2/7/46) SCAP:GS, Ellerman notes

RM159. Executive: first draft (ca. 2/8/46) SCAP:GS

RM160. Executive: alternate Article V of first draft (ca. 2/8/46) SCAP:GS

RM161. Executive: second discussion (2/8/46) SCAP:GS, Ellerman notes

RM162. Executive: treaty-making powers SCAP:GS

RM163. Executive: impeachment (ca. 2/6/46) SCAP:GS

RM164. Executive: second draft (ca. 2/8/46) SCAP:GS

RM165. Executive: alternate second draft (ca. 2/8/46) SCAP:GS

RM166. Executive: dissenting opinion (ca. 2/9/46) Milton J. Esman, Jacob I. Miller

RM167. Judiciary: discussion of drafts (2/7/46) SCAP:GS, Ellerman notes

RM168. Judiciary: memo on "main elements" (ca. 2/5/46) SCAP:GS

RM169. Judiciary: Draft A ("Hussey") (ca. 2/6/46) SCAP:GS

RM170. Judiciary: Draft B ("Rowell") (ca. 2/6/46) SCAP:GS

RM171. Judiciary: final draft (ca. 2/9/46) SCAP:GS

RM172. Civil rights: first discussion of draft (2/8/46) SCAP:GS, Ellerman notes

RM173. Civil Rights: first draft SCAP:GS

RM174. Civil rights: second discussion of draft (2/9/46) SCAP:GS, Ellerman notes

RM175. Civil rights: final draft (ca. 2/9/46) SCAP:GS

RM176. Local government: original committee draft (ca. 2/6/46) SCAP:GS

RM177. Local government: discussion of draft (2/11/46) SCAP:GS, Ellerman notes

RM178. Miscellaneous drafts: supreme law (ca. 2/8/46) SCAP:GS

RM179. Miscellaneous drafts: treason (ca. 2/6/46) SCAP:GS

RM180. Miscellaneous drafts: ratification (ca. 2/8/46) SCAP:GS

RM181. Preamble: Draft A (ca. 2/6/46) SCAP:GS

RM182. Preamble: Draft B (ca. 2/6/46) SCAP:GS

RM183. Preamble: Draft C (ca. 2/6/46) SCAP:GS

RM184. Renunciation of war: draft SCAP:GS

RM185. Transmittal of preliminary draft (2/10/46) SCAP:GS/General Whitney to General MacArthur

RM186. Signature sheet (2/12/46) GS staff to General Whitney

RM187. Review of amended drafts (2/12/46) Steering Committee, Ellerman notes

RM188. MacArthur removes an article (2/12/46) Whitney to MacArthur

RM189. U.S. model constitution as submitted to Japanese Cabinet (2/13/46) SCAP:GS

RM190. Explanatory notes (ca. 2/13/46) SCAP:GS

RM191. Transmittal of U. S. model to Japanese Cabinet (2/13/46) Kades, Rowell, Hussey

RM192. "Jeep way" letter (2/15/46) Shirasu Jiro

RM193. Response to "Jeep way" letter (2/16/46) General Whitney

RM194. Narahashi offers a picnic (2/16/46) Rowell (memo) to General Whitney

RM195. Cabinet's revisions explained (2/18/46) Matsumoto Joji to General Whitney

RM196. SCAP threatens to publish its model (2/18/46) General Whitney (memo for record)

RM197. Japanese Cabinet requests an extension (2/19/46) Whitney memo to SCAP

RM198. Account of Cabinet meetings (2/19 and 2/21/46) Ashida diary

RM199. Be firm (2/21/46) Whitney to MacArthur

RM200. Shidehara reports to Cabinet on meeting with MacArthur (2/21/46) Ashida diary

RM201. Matsumoto's record of meeting with Whitney (2/22/46) Matsumoto Joji

RM202. Matsumoto reports to Cabinet on meeting with Whitney (2/22/46) Ashida diary

RM203. Matsumoto Joji and Yoshida Shigeru meet with SCAP:GS (2/22/46) SCAP:GS transcript

RM204. Will Narahashi be added to Cabinet? (2/25/46) Whitney to SCAP

RM205. Narahashi picnic: "furious struggle" within the Cabinet (2/25/46) Kades, Hussey memo to Whitney

RM206. Hani Setsuko remembers seeing SCAP draft at University of Tokyo seminar (pre-3/6/46) Hani Setsuko

RM207. Revision effort stalled (3/3/46)

RM208. First Japanese draft (3/4/46) Matsumoto Joji and Legislation Bureau

RM209. Comments on first Japanese draft (no date: early March, 1946) Andrew Grajdanzev and John Maki

RM210. Comments (handwritten) on first Japanese draft (3/5/46) Alfred Oppler

RM211. Note explaining first Japanese draft (3/2/46) Matsumoto Joji

RM212. Matsumoto's 1954 testimony about first Japanese draft (1954) Matsumoto Joji

RM213. Matsumoto on drafting the Constitution

RM214. March 4th and 5th drafting session (1950s testimony) Irie, Matsumoto, Sato

RM215. Account of marathon drafting session (3/4, 3/5/46) Sato papers

RM216. Account of Cabinet meetings (3/5, 3/6/46) Ashida diary

RM217. Emperor meets with Shidehara, Matsumoto; agrees to issue rescript (3/5/46) Kinoshita, Diary of an Imperial Aide

RM218. Account of March 5th Cabinet meeting (1950s) Matsumoto Joji

RM219. Account of March 5 Cabinet meetings (1950s, from contemporary notes) Irie Toshio

RM220. Account of March 5 Cabinet meetings (1950s, from contemporary notes) Sato Tatsuo

RM221. Interview with Kades concerning March 4-5, 1946, meeting (1973) Dale Helegers

RM222. Comment on March 4-5, 1946, meeting (1997) Beate Gordon

RM223. Adjusting March 5 draft (3/6/46) Sato Tatsuo

RM224. Why government draft took the form of a "yokoo" (outline) (1952) Irie Toshio

RM225. Second government draft (3/6/46) SCAP:GS and agents of the Japanese Cabinet

RM226. Endorsement by General MacArthur (3/6/46) SCAP

RM227. Discussion of equal protection clause (3/6/46) Sato Tatsuo

RM228. Emperor Hirohito's endorsement (3/5/46) Imperial Rescript

RM229. Prime Minister Shidehara's statement on March 6 draft (3/6/46)

RM231. Narahashi certifies drafts for Hussey (3/6/46) Narahashi Wataru

RM230. Yoshida signals acceptance (3/7/46) Yoshida to Kurusu

RM232. Imperial rescript sent to Washington (3/8/46) POLAD to State Department

RM233. Write constitution in colloquial Japanese (petition) (3/26/46) People's Language Reform Movement

RM234. Account of writing the draft in colloquial language (5/50) Irie Toshio

RM235. Initial reactions (press releases) (3/6 and 3/7/46) Japanese news services

RM236. Communist Party reacts (3/7/46) Japanese news services

RM237. Three "turning points" for Cabinet (3/7/46) Jiji press

RM238. Early reaction (press summary) (3/7/46) SCAP:CIES

RM239. Status of draft? (3/8/46) FEC: US representative

RM240. Reaction to Article 9 (3/8/46) Kyodo news service

RM241. Editorials and party reactions (press summary) (3/8/46) SCAP:CIES

RM242. Party critiques (3/8/46)

RM243. Imperial Household property (3/9/46)

RM244. Favorable reaction (press summary) (3/9/46) SCAP:CIES

RM245. U.S press reactions (press summary) (3/10 and 3/12/46) SCAP files: source not known

RM246. Policy on SCAP role (3/10/46) War Department to SCAP

RM247. Forthcoming elections, Article 9 and purge (press summary) (3/11/46) SCAP:CIES

RM248. SCAP's authority for constitutional reform (3/12/46) Charles Kades

RM249. Why SCAP expressed approval of March 6 draft (3/12/46) SCAP to War Department

RM250. Secretary of State on FEC role (3/12/46) Byrnes

RM251. Fault-finding, insinuation (press summary) (3/14/46) SCAP:CIES

RM252. Criticism in Japanese press (press summary) (3/16/46) SCAP:CIES

RM253. FEC questions timing of elections (3/22/46) General Frank McCoy (FEC) to SCAP

RM254. The urgency of electing a new Diet (3/24/46) SCAP to McCoy

RM255. Japanese request signature copies (3/22/46) Kades to Whitney

RM256. Creating Provisional Legislative Investigation Committee (PLIC) (3/26/46) GS

RM257. Directive on draft constitution: FEC reserves judgment (3/27/46) FEC, via JCS

RM258. Role of the FEC (no date: mid-3/46) State Department to General McCoy

RM259. U. S. policy on adoption (no date: late 3/46) State Department

RM260. Observations and queries on 3/6 draft (no date: 4/2/46?) Japanese negotiators

RM261. First conference on 3/6 draft (4/6/46) Central Liaison Office (CLO) Political Division

RM262. Conference on 3/6 draft (4/2/46) Kades and Hussey

RM263. Party leaders criticize March 6 draft (4/3/46)

RM264. SCAP welcomes Allied Council to Tokyo (4/5/46) General MacArthur to ACJ

RM265. Treatment of the Emperor (SWNCC 209/1) (4/11/46) SWNCC

RM266. Memo on international issues in March 6 draft (4/5/46) Foreign Ministry

RM267. Proposed revisions to 3/6 draft (no date) authors unknown

RM268. Memo on proposals to revise 3/6 draft (4/8/46) Hussey to Whitney

RM269. Second conference on March 6 draft (4/9/46) CLO: Kato's notes

RM270. Supplementary notes on second conference (4/9/46) Foreign Ministry

RM271. More queries on March 6 draft (4/9/46) Japanese negotiators

RM272. Further observations on March 6 draft (early 4/46) Japanese negotiators

RM273. "Grave danger" of FEC disapproval (4/9/46) General McCoy to SCAP

RM274. FEC requests liaison (4/10/46) FEC resolution

RM275. The course of revision (4/13/46) SCAP to FEC

RM276. Third conference on March 6 draft (4/12/46) CLO: Kato's notes

RM277. Problems relating to foreign affairs (ca 4/15/46) Hagiwara Toru

RM278. Fourth conference on March 6 draft (4/15/46) CLO: Kato's notes

RM279. Cabinet proposes various amendments; Kades replies (3/46? 4/46?) SCAP:GS

RM280. April Draft (April 17 text)

RM281. SCAP blasts FEC; State Department outlines U.S. position (4/15/46) State Department

RM282. Analysis of MacArthur's telegram for Department of State (4/19/46) J. C. Vincent

RM283. Message to SCAP from McCoy (4/20/46) Vincent to Secretary of State

RM284. U.S. member opposes FEC intervention (5/13/46) General McCoy

RM285. FEC directive: principles for adoption of a new constitution (5/23/46) FEC, via JCS

RM286. Kades memoir (1984) Takemae Eiji

RM287. Privy Council: first meeting (4/22/46)

Chapter 5: The Debates: from Draft to Constitution

RM288. Privy Council: second meeting (4/22/46)

RM289. Colegrove's analysis of FEC (4/24/46) Professor Kenneth Colgerove

RM290. Report of 1946 election (no date, 1948) SCAP:GS

RM291. MacArthur approves election results (4/25/46) General MacArthur

RM292. Public opinion surveys (May, 1946 through January, 1947) Tatsuki Yasuo, summarizing newspaper polls

RM293. Privy Council: third meeting (5/3/46)

RM294. Draft revision criticized (3/8, 3/9, 4/4/46) Professors Asai Kiyoshi, Takano Iwasaburo, Sugimori Kojiro, Hirano Yoshitari, and Suzuki Yasuzo

RM295. Privy Council: fourth meeting (5/6/46)

RM296. Privy Council: fifth meeting (5/8/46)

RM297. Request to send SCAP representative to FEC (5/8/46)

RM298. Privy Council: sixth meeting (5/10/46)

RM299. Privy Council: seventh meeting (5/13/46)

RM300. Privy Council: eighth meeting (5/15/46)

RM301. On obtaining FEC approval (5/15/46) Howard C. Petersen, Assistant Secretary of War

RM302. SCAP challenges FEC role (5/18/46)

RM303. Warning against mob disorder (5/20/46) General MacArthur

RM304. Privy Council: ninth meeting (5/29/46)

RM305. Privy Council: tenth meeting (6/1/46)

RM306. Privy Council: eleventh meeting (6/3/46)

RM307. Privy Council, with one dissent, votes approval (6/8/46)

RM308. U.S. policy on adoption of revised constitution (6/11/46)

RM309. Soviets seek unicameral legislature (6/7/46) via FEC

RM310. British objections to provisions on finance (4/14/46) via FEC

RM311. Emperor's rescript: on submitting draft-revision to House of Representatives (6/20/46) Emperor Hirohito

RM312. Draft revision, as submitted to House of Representatives (6/20/46)

RM313. Call for "untrammelled debate" (6/21/46) General MacArthur

RM314. The contribution of women (6/21/46) General MacArthur; Kato Shizue

RM315. Comment on opening Diet debate (entry of 6/25/46) Ashida diary

RM316. On the transition to a new Constitution (6/25/46) Cyrus Peake et al.

RM317. House of Representatives: plenary (6/25/46)

RM318. Proposed resolutions for review (6/26/46) FEC

RM319. House of Representatives: plenary (6/26/46)

RM320. House of Representatives: plenary (6/27/46)

RM321. House of Representatives: Committee on Revision: first meeting (6/28/46)

RM322. House of Representatives: plenary (6/28/46)

RM323. Press summary (6/29/46) SCAP:CIES

RM324. House of Representatives: plenary (6/29/46)

RM325. House of Representatives: Committee on Revision: second meeting (7/1/46)

RM326. House of Representatives: Committee on Revision: third meeting (7/2/46)

RM327. Directive on constitutional form (7/2/46) FEC via JCS

RM328. House of Representatives: plenary (7/2/46)

RM329. House of Representatives: Committee on Revision: fourth meeting (7/3/46)

RM330. House of Representatives: Committee on Revision: fifth meeting (7/4/46)

RM331. House of Representatives: Committee on Revision: sixth meeting (7/5/46)

RM332. House of Representatives: plenary (7/5/46)

RM333. House of Representatives: Committee on Revision; seventh meeting (7/6/46)

RM334. House of Representatives: plenary (7/6/46)

RM335. editorial on translations issues in draft Constitution (7/7/46) Matsumoto Shigeharu

RM336. House of Representatives: Committee on Revision: eighth meeting (7/8/46)

RM337. House of Representatives: Committee on Revision: ninth meeting (7/9/46)

RM338. Summary of discussions in Diet (7/9/46) SCAP:GS

RM339. House of Representatives: plenary (7/9/46)

RM340. Kades meets with Irie and Sato (7/10/46) Kato: memo for the record

RM341. GHQ staff responds to FEC "basic principles" (7/10/46) Frank Hays et al.

RM342. House of Representatives: Committee on Revision: tenth meeting (7/11/46)

RM343. Warning: Japanese and English versions differ (7/11/46) Peake, Bisson, Colegrove

RM344. Proposed changes in Japanese version (no date) GS staff

RM345. House of Representatives: plenary (7/11/46)

RM346. House of Representatives: Committee on Revision: eleventh meeting (7/12/46)

RM347. House of Representatives: Committee on Revision: twelfth meeting (7/13/46)

RM348. House of Representatives: plenary (7/13/46)

RM349. House of Representatives: Committee on Revision: thirteenth meeting (7/15/46)

RM350. Kades meets with Legislation Bureau officials (7/10,15,16/46) Kato: memo for the record

RM351. Communist Party's draft revision (7/15/46) via SCAP

RM352. House of Representatives: Committee on Revision: fourteenth meeting (7/16/46)

RM353. Ashida welcomes Colegrove to meeting (7/16/46) Ashida diary

RM354. Socialists break off negotiations with communists (7/16/46)

RM355. U.S. policy on authority for revision (7/16/46)

RM356. House of Representatives: plenary (7/16/46)

RM357. House of Representatives: Committee on Revision: fifteenth meeting (7/17/46)

RM358. Kades discusses Diet debates with Kanamori (7/17/46) Kato: memo for the record

RM359. Suspicions about Japanese translations (7/17/46) Whitney to SCAP

RM360. House of Representatives: Committee on revision: sixteenth meeting (7/18/46)

RM361. Six principles on constitutional reform (7/18/46) Kanamori to Kades

RM362. House of Representatives: plenary (7/18/46)

RM363. House of Representatives: Committee on Revision: seventeenth meeting (7/19/46)

RM364. House of Representatives: Committee on Revision: eighteenth meeting (7/20/46)

RM365. House of Representatives: Committee on Revision: nineteenth meeting (7/22/46)

RM366. House of Representatives: Committee on Revision: twentieth meeting (7/23/46)

RM367. House of Representatives: Subcommittee on Revision: first meeting (7/23/46)

RM368. Kades and Kanamori review Diet debates (7/23/46) Kato: memo for the record

RM369. Second Kades-Kanamori meeting: another account (7/23/46) Irie Toshio

RM370. House of Representatives: plenary (7/23/46)

RM371. Proposed amendments (translation found in Williams Papers) (7/24/46) Social Democratic Party

RM372. Proposed amendments (translation found in Hussey Papers) (late July, 1947) Social Democratic Party

RM373. Provisions on Emperor "obscure" (press summary) (7/25/46)

RM374. House of Representatives: plenary (7/25/46)

RM375. House of Representatives: Subcommittee on Revision: second meeting (7/26/46)

RM376. Proposed amendments: translation a (7/26/46) Progressive Party

RM377. Proposed amendments: translation b (late July, 1946) Progressive Party

RM378. Proposed amendments (late July, 1946) Liberal Party

RM379. Proposed amendments (late July, 1946) Cooperative Democratic Party

RM380. House of Representatives: Subcommittee on Revision: third meeting (7/27/46)

RM381. House of Representatives: Subcommittee on Revision: fourth meeting (7/29/46)

RM382. Kades-Irie meeting: FEC demands (7/29/46) Kato: memo for the record

RM383. Perfection versus respect for Japanese role (7/30/46) General MacArthur to FEC

RM384. House of Representatives: Subcommittee on Revision: fifth meeting (7/30/46)

RM385. House of Representatives: plenary (7/30/46)

RM386. House of Representatives: Subcommitte on Revision: sixth meeting (7/31/46)

RM387. House of Representatives: Subcommittee on Revision: seventh meeting (8/1/46)

RM388. Negotiations over Article 98 (treaties) (8/46) Treaty Bureau

RM389. House of Representatives: Subcommittee on Revision: eighth meeting (8/2/46)

RM390. Kades, Irie and others review Subcommittee revisions (8/5/46) Fujisaki: notes

RM391. Article 30 needs amending (8/5/46) GS staff

RM392. Review of Subcommittee revisions (8/6/46) Yamada: notes

RM393. Allies' demands on Imperial properties (8/6/46) Whitney to Irie CLO Yamada: notes

RM394. Meetings on imperial property (8/46) Ashida, Shidehara, Justin Williams (Ashida Diary)

RM395. Judicial review: uncertainties (8/6/46) T.L. Blakemore (SCAP:GS)

RM396. House of Representatives: plenary (8/6/46)

RM397. House of Representatives: Subcommittee on Revision: ninth meeting (8/8/46)

RM398. On revoking the Imperial Rescript on Education (8/8/46) Blakemore

RM399. House of Representatives: Subcommittee on Revision: tenth meeting (8/10/46)

RM400. House of Representatives: Subcommittee on Revision: eleventh meeting (8/13/46)

RM401. Must cabinet members be chosen from the Diet? (8/13/46) FEC via State Department

RM402. Filipino praises MacArthur (8/14/46) Carlos P. Romulo

RM403. Amendments made to draft Constitution since 4/18/46 (8/22/46) MacArthur to Secretary of War

RM404. Third conference on subcommittee revisions (8/15/46) Yamada notes

RM405. House of Representatives: Subcommittee on Revision: twelfth meeting (8/16/46)

RM406. Diet-government conflict over accepting Article 84, on Imperial property (8/17/46) Ashida Diary

RM407. Ashida and others confront Yoshida on Article 84 (8/18/46) Ashida Diary

RM408. Imperial Household income; women in families (press summary) (8/18/46) SCAP:CIES

RM409. New SCAP demands on Articles 63 and 64 discussed (8/19/46) Ashida Diary

RM410. MacArthur summons Yoshida over "civilian" ministers provision (8/19/46) Irie Toshio

RM411. House of Representatives: Subcommittee on Revision: thirteenth meeting (8/20/46)

RM412. House of Representatives: Committee on Revision: twenty-first meeting (8/21/46)

RM413. Criticism of attempt to save Emperor's property (press summary) (8/21/46) SCAP:CIES

RM414. Passage of Draft by House subcommittee hailed (press summary) (8/22/46) SCAP:CIES

RM415. House of Representatives: plenary (8/22/46)

RM416. House of Representatives: plenary (8/23/46)

RM417. Draft revision, as approved by House of Representatives (8/24/46)

RM418. May the Diet amend the draft? (8/25/46) Alfred C. Oppler, SCAP:GS

RM419. Struggle over replacing Higai Senzo as Speaker of the House (8/25/46) Ashida Diary

RM420. House of Representatives: plenary (8/24/46)

RM421. House of Peers: plenary (8/26/46)

RM422. Peers must make no "undemocratic" changes (press summary) (8/27/46) SCAP:CIES

RM423. House of Peers: plenary (8/27/46)

RM424. House version is "final draft" (8/28/46) General Whitney to Washington

RM425. Achievements of first year (8/28/46) SCAP

RM426. House of Peers: plenary (8/28/46)

RM427. Are women prepared for emancipation? (press summary) (8/29/46) SCAP:CIES

RM428. House of Peers: plenary (8/29/46)

RM429. The "national polity" has been altered (press summary) (8/30/46) SCAP:CIES

RM430. House of Peers: plenary (8/30/46)

RM431. House of Peers: Special Committee: first meeting (8/31/46)

RM432. Imperial estates will be transfered to the State (8/31/46) Atcheson to FEC

RM433. House of Peers: Special Committee: second meeting (9/2/46)

RM434. The meaning of Japan's defeat (9/2/46) General MacArthur

RM435. House of Peers: Special Committee: third meeting (9/3/46)

RM436. House of Peers: Special Committe: fourth meeting (9/4/46)

RM437. House of Peers: Special Committee: fifth meeting (9/5/46)

RM438. British seek opportunity for formal approval (9/5/46) General Hilldring (SWNCC) to General McCoy (FEC)

RM439. House of Peers: Special Committee: sixth meeting (9/6/46)

RM440. Peers' amendments (9/6/46)

RM441. U.K. representative criticizes SCAP (9/5 AND 9/6/46) H. A. Graves, Blakeslee

RM442. U.S. position on FEC review (9/6/46) War Department to General McCoy

RM443. House of Peers: plenary (9/6/46)

RM444. House of Peers: Special Committee: seventh meeting (9/7/46)

RM445. House of Peers: Special Committee: eighth meeting (9/9/46)

RM446. House of Peers: Special Committee: ninth meeting (9/10/46)

RM447. Composition of House of Councillors (9/10/46) General Whitney

RM448. House of Peers: Special Committee: tenth meeting (9/11/46)

RM449. FEC nations indicate vote on revision (9/10, 9/11/46) George Blakeslee to General McCoy

RM450. House of Peers: Special Committee: eleventh meeting (9/12/46)

RM451. Kanamori's position on the appointment of a prime minister (9/12/46) Matsumoto Gaku

RM452. What if Diet and Cabinet disagree? (mid-September, 1946) Sato Tatsuo

RM453. U.K. approves, pending action in House of Peers (9/12/46) Sir George Sansom to Blakeslee

RM454. Copies sent to Washington (9/13/46) Whitney; Hauge

RM455. House of Peers: Special Committee: twelfth meeting (9/13/46)

RM456. House of Peers: Special Committee: thirteenth meeting (9/14/46)

RM457. House of Peers: Special Committee: fourteenth meeting (9/16/46)

RM458. House of Peers: Special Committee: fifteenth meeting (9/17/46)

RM459. British insist on Imperial divestiture (9/17/46)

RM460. POLAD responds to British concerns about Imperial property (9/19/46) George Atcheson, Jr.

RM461. House of Peers: Special Committee: sixteenth meeting (9/18/46)

RM462. House of Peers: Special Committe: seventeenth meeting (9/19/46)

RM463. Response to criticisms of the draft revision (9/19/46) General McCoy to FEC

RM464. House of Peers: Special Committee: eighteenth meeting (9/20/46)

RM465. Praise for local government reforms (9/20/46) SCAP

RM466. House of Peers: Special Committee: nineteenth meeting (9/21/46)

RM467. House of Peers: Special Committee: twentieth meeting (9/23/46)

RM468. House of Peers: Special Committee: twenty-first meeting (9/25/46)

RM469. House of Peers: Special Committee: twenty-second meeting (9/26/46)

RM470. Conference on Articles 15 and 66 (9/27/46) Fujisaki: memo

RM471. Negotiation on Articles 15 and 66 (9/24/46) Fujisaki: memo

RM472. House of Peers: Special Committee: twenty-third meeting (9/28/46)

RM473. Peers subcommittee's secret deliberations (9/28/46-10/2/46) House of Peers

RM474. Discussion of Article 9 tabled (9/30/46) State Department (Hugh Borton to John Carter Vincent)

RM475. House of Peers: Special Committee: twenty-fourth meeting (10/3/46)

RM476. House of Representatives: plenary (10/3/46)

RM477. House of Peers: plenary (10/5/46)

RM478. House of Peers: plenary (10/6/46)

RM479. Editor criticizes judicial recall provision (10/6 and 10/7/46) SCAP:CIES

RM480. House of Representatives: plenary (10/7/46)

RM481. Text, as passed by House of Peers (10/6/46) and House of Representatives (10/7/46), and promulgated by Emperor Hirohito (11/3/46)

RM482. Electing the House of Councillors (10/7/46) Frank E. Hays

RM483. Ashida favors indirect election for House of Councillors (10/7/46) Frank E. Hays

RM484. Editors call for spirit of democracy (10/8/46) SCAP:CIES

RM485. Editors assess revision (10/9/46) SCAP:CIES

RM486. Interpretation of new Constitution (10/46) Yamaura Kanoichi

RM487. Lese majesty decision commended (10/9/46) SCAP

RM488. "Bunmin," new word for "civilian" (10/10/46) Nelson Johnson, FEC director to General McCoy

RM489. Directive: ministers must be civilian (9/25, 10/10/46) FEC via State Department

RM490. British editorial lauds new Constitution (10/10/46) U. S. Embassy, London

RM491. Privy Council: twelfth meeting (10/19/46)

RM492. Privy Council: thirteenth meeting (10/21/46)

RM493. Chinese mission complains about timing of promulgation (10/25/46) Chu Shih-ming

RM494. POLAD replies to Chinese concerns (10/31/46) George Atcheson, Jr.

RM495. GHQ exercises censorship (11/1-11/3/46) Whitney; Kades

RM496. Directive: referendum may be required (10/28/46) FEC via SWNCC)

RM497. Warning against promising a referendum (11/1/46) General MacArthur to JCS

RM498. Schedule for promulgation ceremony (11/3/46)

RM499. Imperial Rescript: "I rejoice...." (11/3/46) Emperor Hirohito

RM500. Message on promulgation (no date: early 11/46) SCAP

RM501. Roundup of opinion in magazines (11/14/46) SCAP:CIES

RM502. Analysis of text (11/46) SCAP:GS

RM503. Comparison of March 6 and November 3 texts SCAP:GS

RM504. Against publicizing FEC's requirements (11/20/46) General MacArthur and FEC

RM505. Review of a new Japanese Constitution: FEC policy decision (10/17/46) FEC to MacArthur

RM506. Prime Minister seeks to retain Imperial protections (12/27/46) Yoshida to MacArthur

RM507. Prime Minister's request denied (2/25/46) MacArthur to Yoshida

RM508. FEC may require formal review and referendum (1/3/47) SCAP to Yoshida

RM509. FEC reservations "carefully noted" (1/6/47) Yoshida to SCAP

RM510. SCAP policy on Japanese review of Constitution (1/9/47) Whitney

RM511. Reception of Constitution: analysis of first Diet of new regime (mid-May, 1947) SCAP and newspapers, via FEC

RM512. Imperial House Law (1/16/47)

Chapter 6: Implementation

RM513. Imperial House Economy Law (1/16/47)

RM514. Cabinet Law (1/16/47)

RM515. Round-up of implementing legislation needed (no date: early March, 1947)

RM516. Petition Law (3/13/47)

RM517. Fundamental Law of Education (3/31/47)

RM518. Imperial House Office Law (4/18/47)

RM519. Validity of Cabinet orders (4/18/47)

RM520. Law on electoral examination of judges (11/20/47)

RM521. Law abolishing Home Ministry (12/26/47)

RM522. Rescinding the Imperial Rescript on Education (6/19/48)

RM523. Election law for the House of Councillors (8/19/48)

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